Where No Redhead Has Gone Before: Lucy and Star Trek

Nearly everyone knows about Lucille Ball and her revolutionary sitcom I Love Lucy. Fewer know that she owned and ran her own studio, Desilu. Even fewer people know that if it was not for Lucy. Star Trek might not have made it to the air at all.

In 1963 Gene Roddenberry was producing the drama The Lieutenant for MGM. It was during this period that he conceived an idea for a show which would follow the adventures of a crew aboard a spaceship exploring the galaxy. Called Star Trek, Mr. Roddenberry pitched the idea to MGM. The executives at MGM thought it was an interesting concept, but had serious doubts that it could be produced on a weekly basis within a reasonable television budget. Gene Roddenberry eventually found a buyer for Star Trek in the form of Desilu Productions, the company owned and run by Lucille Ball. Desilu had not only produced I Love Lucy, but had also produced such classic series as Our Miss Brooks, December Bride, and The Untouchables. In 1964, however, Desilu had hit hard times. The only show it had on the air was The Lucy Show. Most of its money came from renting its property out to other production companies, such as Danny Thomas Enterprises (who produced Make Room for Daddy and The Andy Griffith Show). With only one show on the air, Desilu was willing to take a gamble on Star Trek.

Unfortunately, Star Trek would not have a smooth path making it on the air. Desilu had a first refusal agreement with CBS, so it was that network which Gene Roddenberry and Oscar Katz, Desilu's vice president in charge of programming, approached first. The CBS programming executives politely listened to the pitch Gene Roddenberry gave for a show he described as "Wagon Train to the Stars." In the end, however, they passed on Star Trek, stating that they already had another science fiction series in the works (Lost in Space).

Having been turned down by CBS, Gene Roddenberry and Desilu then approached NBC. Fortunately for Mr. Roddenberry and Desilu Productions, NBC expressed interest in Star Trek and gave the go ahead for production of a pilot episode. It was in February 1965 that NBC's programming executives viewed the pilot episode of Star Trek, "The Cage." The NBC programming executives were very impressed with "The Cage." They thought it was a very well done work of science fiction. Unfortunately, they also felt that the pilot was "too cerebral," "too intellectual," and lacked enough action for a weekly series. While they ultimately rejected "The Cage," the NBC executives also took the unprecedented step of commissioning a second pilot for Star Trek.

It is difficult to say whyNBC approved a second pilot for Star Trek. One reason could be that Mort Werner, then Vice President in Charge of Programming, was very impressed with "The Cage." This is quite possible, given the fact that Mr. Werner was known to take risks on new and innovative shows. It was during his tenure as Vice President in Charge of Programming that NBC aired such shows as Bonanza, I Spy and Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In. When this is taken into account, it would not be surprising if Mr. Werner had approved another pilot for Star Trek.

That having been said, another reason that NBC approved a second pilot for Star Trek may have been Lucille Ball herself. It is fairly well known among Trekkies, if not the general public, that Lucy supported both Gene Roddenberry and Star Trek. There is a story that when "The Cage" was rejected, Lucy used her influence as the most powerful woman in television (indeed, one of the most powerful people in television at the time) to persuade NBC to commission a second pilot. Lending credence to this story are statements made by Richard Arnold, Gene Roddenberry's long time assistant that Lucille Ball used her own development money to finance the second pilot of Star Trek. Here it must be pointed that it is well known that Lucy intervened on behalf of another show. It was largely because of pressure from Lucille Ball that CBS purchased the detective drama Mannix (the last show produced by Desilu). While the story that Lucy pressured NBC into the second pilot for Star Trek could be apocryphal, it is quite possible.

Regardless of whether Lucille Ball was the primary reason NBC commissioned the second pilot of Star Trek or not, we know that a second pilot ("Where No Man Has Gone Before") was made and that NBC ultimately bought the series. We also know from Herb Solow (who succeeded Oscar Katz as Vice President in Charge of Production at Desilu), Robert Justman (one of the producers on Star Trek), and Lucy's own daughter, Lucie Arnaz, that Lucille Ball did save Star Trek from her own Desilu executives. Argyle Nelson, head of production and studio operations, and Edwin Holly, senior vice president, estimated that both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible would cost $225,000 apiece a week to produce, with weekly revenues of $160,000 apiece. In other words, Desilu would lose money on both shows. In fact, Ed Holly was so opposed to both shows that he told Lucy that they would have to sell the studio if they produced the pilots for both shows.

Fortunately, Herb Solow, who had been Oscar Katz's assistant prior to taking over Mr. Katz's position, supported both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible. It was Herb Solow who persuaded Lucille Ball to go forward with both shows. Mr. Solow did so by invoking Desilu's past. He pointed out that in producing both shows Desilu could reclaim its prestige and its position as a major player in the television industry. Lucy consented and gave the go ahead for both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible.

A simpler version of Lucy's showdown with her fellow executives at Desilu was told by her daughter, Lucie Arnaz, at William Shatner's induction into the Television Academy Hall of Fame. When her fellow executives at Desilu told her that Star Trek and Mission: Impossible were too expensive to produce and production on both shows should cease, Lucy simply replied, "No, I like 'em!" According to Miss Arnaz, Lucy generally listened to her fellow executives at Desilu when it came to financial matters, but she remained firm that both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible would continue.

While Lucille Ball was not involved in the day to day production of Star Trek, then, she used her considerable clout to insure that it would go on the air. The reason is perhaps Lucille Ball was not simply a great performer and actress, but a very shrewd studio head when it came to knowing what would be popular. Alongside former husband Desi Arnaz, Lucy had approved the production of such legendary shows as Our Miss Brooks and The Untouchables. Her own show, The Lucy Show, was a hit. Lucy then knew that both Mission: Impossible and Star Trek would be hits. And in the end she was right. Mission: Impossible would become one of the highest rated shows on television in its third season. Star Trek would take a bit longer. Constantly at the bottom of the ratings during its initial run, Star Trek became a phenomenon in reruns. In fact, it may be the most successful hour long show of all time. Its success in syndication may only be surpassed by Gilligan's Island and, the very first Desilu show, I Love Lucy. Both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible would become successful franchises for Paramount Pictures.

Sadly, it would be while both Star Trek and Mission: Impossible were on the air that Lucy would sell Desilu. By 1967 Lucy was tired of her chores as a a studio head, while her advisors at the studio argued that it would be best if she sold Desilu. When Gulf+Western, who had only recently purchased Paramount Pictures, approached Desilu with an offer, Lucy reluctantly accepted. In February 1967, then, Desilu was bought by Gulf+Western. In December of that year it was merged with Paramount Pictures and renamed Paramount Television. This ended Lucy's association with Star Trek. In the end she had only been associated with the series during its development and the first part of its first season. Despite this, she had a greater impact on the show than anyone except Gene Roddenberry and its cast and crew.  Quite simply, as the head of Desilu, the studio that took a risk on a show even MGM thought could not be done, Lucy insured that Star Trek would make it to the air. One has to wonder had she not sold Desilu that it would not have lasted longer than it did.

Everybody Loves Lucy: Lucille Ball's 100th Birthday

Many, many years ago my brother traced the genealogy of my mother's family, the Towles. Among the discoveries he made was that the Towles were descended from English royalty. Our line could be traced back through the Plantagenets, through William the Bastard, all the way back to King Penda of Mercia. King Edward I was one of our direct ancestors. He also discovered that some of the Founding Fathers of the United States were related to us, including George Washington and James Madison. While my brother did most of the work, it was I who discovered we were related to yet another famous person. Lucille Ball was our 10th cousin one time removed.

My brother was a bit amused, but hardly surprised, that I was as delighted at being a distant cousin to Lucille Ball as I was to be descended from King Edward I of England and related to George Washington. As I explained it to him then, being descended from royalty is hardly rare (in fact, if you are English, it is downright common), but being related to a legend in television and comedy is most unusual. Quite simply, everybody loves Lucy and we were actually her cousins!

It was 100 years ago today that my cousin, Lucille Desiree Ball, was born in Jamestown, New York. Her career in show business began when her stepfather encouraged then twelve year old Lucy to audition for a show the Shriners were holding. Lucy enjoyed the attention she got on stage and so she decided to go into show business. Little did anyone know at the time that Lucy would become one of the most legendary and celebrated entertainers of all time.

Indeed, Lucille Ball would be a legend if the only thing she had ever done was I Love Lucy. As it is she had an extraordinarily long career and did many other things. Although it is rarely acknowledged by anyone but film buffs today, Lucy was a movie star before she appeared on her legendary TV show. In fact, she made her movie début all the way back in 1933 in an uncredited role in the Wallace Beery movie The Bowery. It was in 1933 that she was selected as one of the earliest Goldwyn Girls, the company of female dancers used by Samuel Goldwyn in his films. Lucy first appeared as a Goldwyn Girl in 1933's Roman Scandals. By 1937 Lucy's movie career was on the upswing. She played a major role in the 1937 film Stage Door. She would go onto a major role in The Marx Brothers' film Room Service (1938).

Lucy would become well known as a motion picture star. In fact, in the Forties she was famous enough to be featured in adverts for Royal Crown Cola, Max Factor, Hoover Vacuum Cleaners, and Chesterfield cigarettes (which she continued to smoke even after the début of I Love Lucy, on which rival Philip Morris was a sponsor). That having been said, while she was a household name in the Forties, she would never become one of the major movie stars of the decade. The major motion pictures in which she was the lead were few and far between.  The Big Street (1942) and Du Barry Was a Lady (1943) were two of the very few major feature films in which she appeared prior to her success in I Love Lucy. For the most part Lucy's career in movies prior to her television career was spent in B-movies, so much so that she was sometimes called "Queen of the B movies."

Like many stars of B-movies in the Forties, Lucille Ball would also work in radio. In 1938 she became a regular on The Wonder Show, a weekly show sponsored by Wonder Bread and starring Jack Haley (who would appear as the Tin Man in The Wizard of Oz the following year). The show's announcer was Gale Gordon, with whom Lucy would become friends and with whom she would work from time to time for the next fifty years. Over the years Lucy would guest star on several radio shows, including Screen Guild Theatre, Bachelor Mother, The Bing Crosby Show, and several others. It was in 1948 that CBS approached Lucy about starring in a radio series based on the novel Mr. and Mrs. Cugat. Lucy accepted and was cast opposite Richard Denning in the new radio show, My Favourite Husband. Lucy played Liz Cugat, an oddball housewife who was always getting into trouble with her wild schemes. Richard Denning played George Cugat, her husband who worked at a bank where Gale Gordon played the president (he would play a bank president again on The Lucy Show). The show was written by Madelyn Pugh and Bob Carroll Jr.  It was produced and directed by Jess Oppenheimer. Miss Pugh and Messrs. Carroll and Oppenheimer would all work on I Love Lucy. In fact, My Favourite Husband can be considered a forerunner of what may be the most famous television sitcom of all time.

Indeed, it would be My Favourite Husband which would lead directly to I Love Lucy and Lucy's subsequent success in television. My Favourite Husband proved to be a huge hit for CBS, not to mention the most successful project in which Lucy had performed up to that time.  Quite naturally, the network wanted to bring the hit show to television. As to Lucy, she had one demand with regards to bringing the show to television: she wanted her husband Desi Arnaz as her co-star. CBS rejected this idea on the basis that they did not think the average person would believe an American redhead would be married to a Cuban, even though it was well known that Lucy and Desi were married in real life. Undeterred, Lucy set out to prove CBS wrong. In the spring of 1950 she and Desi formed Desilu Produtions. They then went on the vaudeville circuit in which Lucy played a madcap wife always trying to get into Desi's act. Lucy and Desi's vaudeville tour proved so successful that NBC expressed interest in the two starring in a show on that network. Fearful of losing Lucy to another network, CBS finally gave the go ahead for what would become I Love Lucy.

Of course, it is well known today that I Love Lucy became an enormous success, the most successful sitcom of the Fifties and one of the biggest hits in television history. In fact, the episode on which Lucy and Ricky Ricardo's son Little Ricky was born (it aired on 19 January 1953) drew more viewers than did Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential inauguration the next day. The success of I Love Lucy would not end with its initial run. Except perhaps for Gilligan's Island, I Love Lucy has been repeated more than any other sitcom in the history of television. It is still one of the few older television programmes that airs on multiple cable channels.

Here it must be pointed out that I Love Lucy was not merely one of the biggest hits in television of all time, but it was also positively revolutionary. I Love Lucy was the first American television show (and for a long time the only American television show) to feature a multi-ethnic marriage. After all, Ricky (played by Desi Arnaz) was Cuban in descent while Lucy (played by Lucille Ball) was Scottish in descent. It was also one of the first shows to ever portray a pregnancy, this at a time when the word pregnant could not even be said on the air. Contrary to popular belief, I Love Lucy was not the first sitcom to utilise a multi-camera set up. Other shows (including another CBS sitcom, Amos 'n' Andy) had already used a multi-camera set up. That having been said, I Love Lucy was the first to use 35 mm film--previous shows with multi-camera set ups having only used 16 mm film.

Of course, I Love Lucy would not be the last success Lucy would have on television. Following the end of the show Lucy and Desi would film thirteen 60 minute  specials (now known as The Lucy-Desi Hour) featuring the characters from I Love Lucy. Lucy would go onto further success with The Lucy Show (which first went on the air in 1962) and Here's Lucy (which went on the air in 1968). Both shows featured Lucy's close friend, Gale Gordon, as her long suffering boss. Following the end of Here's Lucy, Lucy would produce and star in specials for a CBS. In 1980 Lucy severed her relationship with CBS after nearly thirty years with them and went to rival NBC. Unfortunately her stint with NBC would only produce one special and guest appearances on Bob Hope specials. In 1985 she appeared in the television movie Stone Pillow, playing a dramatic role for a change. In 1986 Lucille Ball returned to series television with a new sitcom, Life with Lucy, airing on ABC. Like The Lucy Show and Here's Lucy, this series also co-starred Gale Gordon. Unfortunately Life with Lucy would prove to be Lucy's first and only failure on television. Although thirteen episodes had been filmed, only eight aired before ABC cancelled the series. It would be her last work.

When considering Lucy's career in both television and film, one cannot overlook her role as one of the founders and owners of Desliu Productions. In fact, Lucy was the first woman to ever own a studio in the history of both film and television. The company was originally founded to produce Lucy and Desi's vaudeville act and I Love Lucy, but it soon went beyond that. By 1952 it also produced the classic sitcom Our Miss Brooks and in 1954 the classic sitcom December Bride. Desilu would go onto produce the hit series The Untouchables. Desilu also rented space to other production companies, so that classic shows ranging from The Andy Griffith Show to Batman were at least partially shot there. In 1962 Lucille Ball bought out Desi Arnaz's shares in the company and became full owner. Both with and without Desi, Lucy proved to be a shrewd studio owner with an eye for what could be successful. In addition to the above cited shows, it must be pointed out that such classic series as Star Trek Mission: Impossible, and Mannix were all produced by Desilu. Desilu also produced motion pictures, including Forever Darling (1956) and Yours, Mine, and Ours (1968). In February 1967 Lucy made a deal with Gulf+Western to buy Desilu. Around December of the year Gulf+Western merged Desilu with Paramount Pictures (which they had also bought), and Desilu was renamed Paramount Television.

Lucy's success on television would have the affect of revitalising her film career. In 1953 Lucy and Desi starred in The Long, Long Trailer. This would be followed by the film Forever Darling in 1956, in which the two of them also starred. Over the years Lucy would appear in such films as The Facts of Life (1960), The Good Years (1962), Critics Choice (1963), the highly successful Yours, Mine, and Ours, and Mame (1974).

It was on 26 April 1989 that Lucille Bal died at the age of 77. The cause was a dissecting aortic aneurysm. She had made her last public appearance only around a month before her death at the 61st Academy Awards ceremony as a presenter alongside her former co-star and friend Bob Hope.

Although Lucy had spent her early career in film primarily as a star of B-movies, she became one of the most important entertainers of the 20th Century. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find a woman who played a greater role in the history of television than Lucille Ball. She not only starred in the first sitcom to become a major hit, but also the first sitcom to feature a multi-ethnic household. She was the first woman to own and run a television and film studio. Her studio, Desilu, not only produced I Love Lucy and The Lucy Show, but other classic shows such as Our Miss Brooks, The Untouchables, Star Trek, and Mission: Impossible. The last two shows would become major franchises for Paramount Pictures. As an actress, comedienne, producer, and studio owner, Lucy had an impact that very few people have had in the history of American entertainment. She may never have become a major movie star along the lines of Rita Hayworth or Marilyn Monroe, but in many respects her impact may have been much more far reaching.

Lucy was known for being dictatorial on the sets on which she worked. She could be very harsh with her co-stars. Quite simply, she expected everyone to do their best. That having been said, she was more often kind and thoughtful of others. Director Herb Kenwith once had to return home from Hollywood to New York due to an emergency. Lucy asked him if he had the money do so. When he said that he did not, the actress and producer wrote him a cheque for $10,000. Naturally Mr. Chenwith gave the cheque back to Lucy, feeling he could not possibly accept so generous an amount. In Inside Star Trek Herb Solow and Robert Justman told how debris on a set was holding up the shooting of an episode. Lucille Ball herself, the head of Desilu, went to the set, picked up a broom, and began sweeping so that the crew could shoot scenes on schedule. Jack Warner probably never did that!

For myself, like many others, I have always loved Lucy. Even if I did not know of her achievements as a producer and studio owner, I would still admire her as one of the greatest comedic actresses of all time. There has never been a time in my life when I did not know who Lucille Ball was. Indeed, like most Americans I have always treated her as if I knew her, simply calling her by the diminutive of her  first name, "Lucy." Many women have been called "America's Sweetheart" over the years, but for Lucy I think it holds true. It is for that reason that I am still so happy to be related to her, no matter how distant. After all, many people are related to kings and queens and American founding fathers. Not near as many are related to the one, the only, Lucille Ball.

-Terence Towles Canote

Actor Tom Aldredge R.I.P.

Character actor Tom Aldredge, who appeared on Ryan's Hope and The Sopranos, passed on 22 July 2011 at the age of 83. The cause was lymphoma.

Tom Aldredge was born on 28 February 1928 in Dayton, Ohio. He had intended to become an attorney and even attended the University of Dayton. It was in 1947 that he saw a performance on Broadway of A Streetcar Named Desire and he changed his career plans to take up acting. He trained in acting at the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago. He made his debut on Broadway in The Nervous Set in 1959. Over the years he would return to Broadway several times, appearing in such productions as Everything in the Garden, How the Other Half Loves, a revival of The Iceman Cometh, Rex, On Golden Pond, a revival of Inherit the Wind, a revival of 1776, and Twelve Angry Men.

Tom Aldredge made his television debut in the special Seasons of Youth in 1961. He made his movie debut in The Mouse on the Moon in 1963. In the Sixties he would appear in such films as The Troublemaker (1964), Who Killed Teddy Bear (1965), The Boston Strangler (1968), and The Rain People (1969). In the Seventies he appeared in such movies as The Happiness Cage (1972), Sticks and Bones (1973), and Cool Red (1976). He was a regular on the soap opera Ryan's Hope from 1979 to 1982.

From the Eighties into the Naughts Mr. Aldredge appeared in such films as Seize the Day (1986), *batteries not included (1987), See You in the Morning (1989), Brenda Starr (1989), What About Bob? (1991), Other People's Money (1991), Rounders (1998), A Stranger in the Kingdom (1999), Cold Mountain (2003), All the King's Men (2006), and A Magic Helmet (2010). He was a regular on the TV programmes The Sopranos and Damages. He also appeared on the TV shows The Hallmark Hall of Fame, Third Watch, Law and Order: Criminal Intent, and Boardwalk Empire.

Bubba Smith Pass On

Actor and former NFL defensive end Bubba Smith passed yesterday, 3 August 2011, at the age of 66. The cause is not yet known.

Bubba Smith was born Charles Smith in Beaumont, Texas on 28 February 1945. He was called "Bubba" since childhood. His father coached the Charlton-Pollard High School team in Beaumont on which Mr. Smith played. He attended Michigan State University where he played as a defensive end. He then spent nine seasons in the NFL, playing for the Baltimore Colts, the Oakland Raiders, and the Houston Oilers.

Following his career in the NFL, Mr. Smith took up acting. He made his debut on television in an episode of Wonder Woman in 1978. From the late Seventies into the Eighties he appeared on such shows as Good Times, The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo, Charlie's Angels, The White Shadow, Taxi, Hart to Hart, and Mike Hammer. He was a regular on the shows Open All Night,  Blue Thunder, and Half Nelson. He made his film debut in A Pleasure Doing Business in 1979. From the Seventies into the Eighties he appeared in such films as Escape from DS-3 (1981), Stroker Ace (1984), and Black Moon Rising (1986). In 1984 he appeared in his most famous role as Moses Hightower, the gigantic but gentle florist turned cop in Police Academy. He appeared as Moses in five of the movie's sequels.

From the Nineties into the Naughts he appeared on such shows as Married With Children, MacGyver, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and Police Academy: The Series.  He appeared in such films as My Samurai (1992), The Naked Truth (1993), Fist of Honour (1994), The Coach (2004), and Blood River (2010).

Bubba Smith may not have been a great actor, but he was certainly an appealing one. Most of his characters were not unlike Bubba Smith was said to be in real life--a gentle giant who truly cared about people. Indeed, it is mark of Mr. Smith's likeability that people remember him as Moses Hightower, when so much of the Police Academy franchise was utterly forgettable. Mr. Smith played a character very much like himself in real life and people loved him for it. It has been said more than once since the 6' 7" former defensive end has died that he was a true gentleman. Given the rarity of such men in sport or entertainment, then, Bubba Smith is truly a celebrity to be mourned.